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Archive for April, 2011

Let us consider the old traditional telephone.All telephones are connected  by overhead wires(carried over telephone poles on the road side) to the area  telephone exchange. Previously a man used to give connections between two  phones by manually linking the sockets of the two phones inside the exchange  building with a small wire.”the telephone exchange” is the leader of that  group of phones. There must be at least a few hundred thousand such little  exchanges covering our entire Earth. All these exchanges are linked by  unbreakable connections( by wires/cables/optical cables or wireless).In  achieving this connectivity whole groups of exchanges should be connected to  a very powerful central exchange serving half a country . All such central  exchanges will again be connected to just a few dozen “back bone” exchanges  so that every one of the hundreds of millions of phones on earth can be  linked to any other phone working in any faraway corner of the earth.

Now a days  an unimaginably big mesh of strong and durable  thick metal  wire “coaxial” cables and  far more powerful optical fibre cables covers  entire earth. (optical fibres can provide a hundred thousand two way channels  through a single optical fibre cable).Some of these metal/optical fibre  cables are laid for part of the route for hundreds of kilometres on ocean  floors encased in very strong rubber and metal casing to last for at least  half a century. But this is only half the story about telephones.

Nowadays two way all weather foolproof radio channels are linked by the  fixed “geostationary satellites” circling  20000 miles over the earth which  relay the radio signals to any part of earth.  These satellites are  geostationary i.e the stop over our heads 20000 miles above without moving  and work in effect like 20000 mile high towers!these satellites have inside  them powerful recieving and tranmitting electronic automatic instrument  systems. On the earth in every country very powerful recievers and  transmitters are fixed on high “tranmission towers” to recive and relay  incoming signals or to transmit outgoing signals recieved from the phones  linked to faraway exchanges.In this way every phone can be linked to any  other phone on earth in fraction of a seond automatically by “direct  dialling” by the users. the cell phone is a small size two way radio phone  linked to all places on earth by unbreakable all weather radio link through a  most modern technology. The land phones in our houses are linked for just  four or five miles by the overhead telephone wire over the telephone poles  and after that they too are linked to the international radio/optical  fibre/coaxial metal cable link. Though this high technology is used engineers  still follow the good old rules of”central tephone exchange”.However now all  data i.e.all our conversations are converted into  strings of billions of  01010101s.the strings are devided into neatly cut “data packets” each  containing about 20000 zeroes and ones eqivalent to about 50 sentences of  printed alphabets.In this way telephone technology is working wonders and  turned entire earth into a small village. .We can talk to a person in america  or afica as if he is sittin next to you in your room.

Now we have come to a stage sufficient to discuss how computers in your  office,in your town, in your country are connected to a faaraway computer in  another part of the world just like phones. we should note that in new  technolgy there is no difference between phone and computer.Both work with  billions of 01010101s only .in fact cell phone is also a very powerful  computer with a powerful “microprocessor chip” inside it containing software  to implement the “tcp/ip technlogy “which is the life breathof modern digital  networking technology.
due to such modern technology computers in our houses,offices,business  establishments can be interconnected with any other computer both within our  town  and also with computers in any part of the world just like  telephones.If a computer is connected with any other computer (in the proper  prescribed way through software commands)  whole books,songs,vedeos etc lying  in your computer’s memory can be sent to any other computer just in fraction  of a second. With the most modern optical fibre technology and “broad band  internet”  matter inside all the books in a big library (if kept in memory of  a computer) can be sent into memory of another far away computer in a second!  a connection with a strong fat wire called coaxial cable is enough to do this  unbelievable feat.

When we want to know about the technology of connecting computers we shold  have clear understanding about technology phone networks.Actually modern  computers and phones are closely related in technology of networking.it  closely follows the old telephone exchange technology.Modern cell phones are  actually powerful computers though small in size with two way radio  tranmission facility. Cell phones work only on the  digital radio technology  where all information is sent/recieved only by wireless(radio) and where all  information(i.e human conversation or any other data) is sent in units called  data packets. The cell phone towers  relay the radio sigals from and to the  cell phone.originally every computer worked alone all by itself unconnected  to any other computer(“stand alone computer”) to carry out tough mathematical  caculations for business houses,government departments and universities.but  prices of computers came down drastically due to researches in transistor and   silicon chip/ printed circuit technologies. After introdction of   automatic   self-managing “disc operating system” inside computers  small computers  became very popular.every industry,college,hospital,business etc started to  purchase not one but a dozen computers. All computers inside one campus were  interconnected to share the huge data in each of “main memories” or  “secondary memories”.the technology of linking  computers began.a very  advanced technology called lan technology to link computers inside same  campus was introduced.All the computers in a campus were linked by a long  coaxial cable and had to obey orders from a “leader computer” called  “server”. Only the two computers selected by server can communicate and share  data and all others had to wait and keep quiet.   Computers in a lan are  connected to other lans (in a faraway part of city or in another town)  through “wan” (wide area network) technology much like trunk telephone  exchange technology. inside each lan one computer was selected as”router”i.e.  a group leader which granted permission to a lan memmber(computer) to talk  with a computer of another lan . The routers of all lans in a area were  connected to the head router which controlled the wan. the head routers of  several wans were connected to  routers of still bigger wans  which covered a  whole country. It is  all just like old telephone exhchange system but with  “digital packets” transmitted in the routes.

Finally let us reember the main parts of a modern computer to better  understand how it can be linked to other computers. in each computer there is  a most important part called “main memory” .The data sent into computer  through keyboard/ mouse/cd is sent first to the main memory before being sent  to processors inside computer. If an answer data is sent out from computer to  monitor screen,printer,sound boxes etc,first it reaches the main emory from  the processors inside computer. The memory is like a black board in the  class room .However the controlling part of computer is the microprocessor.It  gives orders to main memory and  smaller processors how to process  incoming/outgoing data the microprocessor is like the central brain,the  commander-in-chief

We come to the last point.when a computer” x “is connected to  computer “y “which is ten miles away in another town and we have to send  data(written data,sounds like songs,speech or vedeo i.e moving pictures) from  x to y what happens?the written data in the main memory of x can be seen in  monitor screen of y. the songs and conversatios recorded in main memory of x  can be heard though speakers connected  to y. Similarly the vedeo files kept  inside main memory of “x” can be seen only through monotor screenof”y”. Thus  simply by connecting two computers through a cable all data(written  data,audio,vedeo)can flow from one to the other.Nowadays hundreds of  computers are connected. for data(writtentext,audio or vedeo) to flow to  another designated faraway computer,the rules of lan/wan/internet have to be  followed very strictly and prescribed software requests/instructions/commands  should go between the routers/requesting computers. For this purpose each  computer in a netwok is alloted a  permanent identification coded number.It  is recorded in all computers and routers and is like a telephone directory  inside each computer.

As Cricket World Cup 2011 progresses, users will find it increasingly difficult to keep up with all that’s happening on the field. To stay in touch with the World Cup all the time, here are some useful apps that won’t make you feel like you’re far away from the stadium.

Cricbuzz Cricket Scores and News

This is among the best apps for Android users to remain in tune with what is happening in the World Cup. Match scores are updated on a real time basis so that users know what’s happening on the field almost instantly. Cricbuzz also provides ball by ball commentary, which is the next best thing to watching the match live. Furthermore, analysis and latest news from the cricketing world will give you a comprehensive experience of the cricketing extravaganza.

Xplore Cricket WC2011

Xplore Cricket WC2011 is an Android app for die-hard cricket fans who are traveling from one venue to another to watch matches. It provides details such as maps, directions, and restaurants around the match venue. Add to this the latest news and live scores, something that cricket bugs always crave.

Official ESPN Cricinfo app

ESPN Cricinfo app provides ball-by-ball commentary, updated news, as well as audio and video features, including push notification. However, some users are angry with this app because it works well on some handsets and not so well on others.

ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 App

The ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 App from Apple’s iTunes Store allows access to live scores, continuous commentary, exclusive videos, match photos and player statistics. Venue details and match schedules are also available on it, and since it comes from Apple’s iTunes store, the app is completely safe.

Management styles differ in the degree of dominance used in managerial decision making. There are managers, who are good listeners and facilitate the communication between management and employees being always ready to approve an alternative suggestion. On the other hand, there are managers, who slap their doors and disapprove in advance any idea, suggestion or inquiry from subordinates, especially if they feel it contradicts their own theories.

In economics, dominance is defined as “the degree of inequality in market share distribution”. In the social hierarchy of an organization, a dominant manager retains full control of the organization, as a result of individual charisma, his position within the system, and his influential personality. So, in a sense, a dominant manager denies any share of organizational success to his subordinates feeling that he should be the only one responsible for the strategic decision making.

To understand management styles, it is useful to investigate the continuum of managerial behavior. Unfolding an evolutionary scale of decreasing dominance, broke down in seven stages, the continuum of managerial behavior relates each action to a certain degree of authority provided by the manager to subordinates. From stage one to stage seven, the manager gradually allows the participation of subordinates to the strategic decision making by presenting ideas or tentative solutions and inviting questions and suggestions.

In particular:

1/ The Autocrat Manager

An autocrat manager defines the problem, considers possible solutions, chooses the most appropriate one and announces it to subordinates. Acting as a ruler having unlimited power, the autocrat manager denies any participation of the organizational members in the strategic decision making, while demanding all tasks and objectives to be performed exactly as requested. The communication pattern involved in this management style is mainly downward, from the manager to the subordinate, often resulting in employee demoralization and high dependence on managerial supervision. On the other hand, by causing fear and discipline to subordinates with his despotic style, the autocrat manager retains full control of the business processes ensuring that organizational goals are met.

2/ The Authoritarian Manager

Similarly to the autocrat manager, the authoritarian manager defines the problem, considers possible solutions, and chooses the most appropriate one. Yet, instead of announcing it to subordinates, the manager tries to persuade them to accept the decision while eliminating them from strategic decision making. The manager, diplomatically, yet authoritatively, tries to “sell” the decision to the organization. In any case though, authoritarian management diminishes the substance of people operating under the assumption that people have to be pushed and always told what to do to get the best possible results from them.

3/ The Bureaucratic manager

The Bureaucratic manager presents ideas and invites questions before decisions are made. Through the establishment of strong lines of authority and control, the bureaucratic manager   develops clearly defined and specialized functions and detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) for all routine tasks. Using the minimum absolute power, he serves the firm and tries hard to meet organizational objectives through the use of legal authority and written rules and procedures. Employee performance on bureaucratic management is measured based on the rate of consistency to the survival and growth of the organization, while promotions are based on competence leading to clearly defined career paths.

4/ The Laissez Faire Manager

The Laissez Faire managerial style is placed at the midpoint of the dominance scale representing a zero balance between managerial domination and employee domination styles. Laissez Faire managers have been heavily criticized for avoiding too much interference in employee behavior.

All employees need guidance, and in addition, employees normally achieve a superior level of performance if they understand what the organization expects of them and why.

5/ The Democratic Manager

The Democratic manager gains his power from what determines to be the majority opinion. Democratic management seeks consensus with subordinates considering this to be the best way to portray the broadest range of resources and get the best results. Democratic managers believe that by addressing employee responsibility and showing confidence in their subordinates, they assist in employee and human development, which in the long run, might also mean less managing on the part of the manager. The democratic managerial style is the basic model of presenting problems and openly asks for suggestions, while a majority vote establishes the future of the firm.

6/ The Participative Manager

The Participative manager sets organizational limits, but he relies profoundly on groups and individuals within the firm for definitive decisions. Providing employees responsibility, accountability, and authority over their work, participative management improves employee performance and boosts organizational performance. To a degree, the Participative manager appears similar to the Democratic manager, but the two managerial styles are different. Participative management is based on incentive compensation system where employees have a stake in the business outcome. In addition, in participative management the group members are progressively gaining power over the requests of the group as an entity.

7/ The Humanist Manager

The Humanist manager sets individual happiness as the ultimate goal. In search of this goal, the organizational objectives are transferred to a subordinate position. In this stage, the manager both allows and requires organizational members to make decisions within prescribed limits, evoking a team scheme where the authority of the manager and the participation in the decision making is equal to the authority of the organizational members.

Regardless of fundamental or smaller differences between these seven managerial styles, managers are human beings, who cope with organizational complexity aiming to sustain a competitive advantage for the organization and to promote stability. In this context, their human nature certainly overpowers their managerial skills and aptitudes and sometimes even their MBA degrees. Reality is much more different than theory. Therefore, in the context of organizational reality and day-to-day routine tasks, apart from the theoretical parameters that define a managerial style, the cognitive aspects of each individual are those that finally define a manager as democratic, authoritarian or humanist. And for these aspects only Organizational Psychology is suitable to provide explanations and answers.

The need for anti-malware USB drive became apparent when it was discovered that a flash drive was used to gain access to an operating system and infect it with a virus. In fact the drive was used as a host to upload the virus to the OS. Protecting your flash drives is important but protecting the operating system with anti-malware USB drive software is important as well. The reality is that the drive can clandestinely be used to corrupt an OS. The anti-malware USB drive software will reduce a substantial amount of risk especially if a company has numerous flash drives in use all the time.

Anti-malware USB Drive Software Prevents Access

To equate the amount of money a company spent on security is a mistake. It would certainly be a shame to spend thousands protecting your flash drives and not install anti-malware USB drive software to protect the operating system also. The anti-malware USB drive software will prevent the flash drive from being used as a host to a virus or worm which is uploaded to the operating system eventually corrupting data. Anti-malware USB drive software will prevent the corruption of a drive’s data due to being infected with a virus or worm from another system. Access to the OS is prevented as the virus is detected and locked down.

Drives without anti-malware USB drive software are vulnerable to access by programs designed to destroy data. It is important to realize that theft of data is not the only motive of unauthorized users. SanDisk Enterprise offers drives with anti-malware USB drive software that is effective in stopping breaches and unauthorized access. Stopping viruses before they can unleash their destructive power is easier then it might appear. A small investment in Anti-malware USB drive software can pay big dividends by protecting important data and reducing the risk of information corruption.

Protect OS with Anti-malware USB Drive Software

The operating system of a company represents a large investment in technology and should include anti-malware USB drive software. Effective system protection must include the software proven to work. Having port control and drives equipped with anti-malware USB drive software will drastically increase data and system security. Without such software a company is vulnerable to breaches. A drive with anti-malware USB drive software is the highest level of protection a company’s employees can be utilizing on a day to day basis. Putting a company’s operating system at risk is not necessary with SanDisk Enterprise’s software.

SanDisk Enterprise produces drives that can protect operating systems with anti-malware USB drive software. If the anti-malware USB drive software detects a virus the program will quarantine the virus and prevent the uploading of the virus to the operating system. Until the virus is isolated access to the OS will be prevented, protecting the system from infection. It is a good idea to equip all drives with anti-malware USB drive software for complete system protection. The technology to safeguard flash drives and operating systems is available for those who want the highest level of security possible for protecting their data.